恒星轨迹或助解银河系黑洞自转之谜

一个创纪录的恒星可能揭示银河系巨大黑洞的自转情况

这颗恒星可能为检验黑洞物理和爱因斯坦引力理论提供新途径

认识恒星S301（图中位于示意性黑洞旁的橙色光点）。它是银河系中运动速度最快的恒星之一，其轨道最接近银河系中心的超大质量黑洞，因而具备探测黑洞物理性质与广义相对论效应的潜力。

多点误差

银河中出现了一位新的速度高手。

天文学家发现了一颗恒星，其最高速度可达每秒25,000公里，约为光速的8%。但该恒星真正的非凡之处在于其位置，研究人员在《自然》杂志上报告称，它是目前已知距离银河系中心超大质量黑洞人马座A最近的恒星，有望帮助科学家测量该黑洞最难以捉摸的特性：自旋。

我们发现的这颗恒星具有巨大的潜力，大家都对此感到非常兴奋，德国加兴马克斯普朗克地外物理研究所的天文学家斯特凡吉莱森表示。测量其自转速度有助于科学家更好地理解黑洞物理。

新发现的恒星被命名为S301，由GRAVITY合作项目发现。该项目利用欧洲南方天文台的甚大望远镜干涉仪，可观测到比人眼可见暗达40亿倍的天体。该恒星体积约为太阳的1.5倍，最初在近年拍摄的图像中被观测到。为精确测定其8.7年的轨道周期，天文学家将近年两年的观测数据与自2017年以来的历史观测资料进行了综合分析。

S301处于一条极为狭长的轨道上，其近日点距离人马座A仅约17亿公里，略大于土星到太阳的距离。在此距离上，当黑洞自转时，会对该恒星的轨道产生细微的扰动。通过长期持续观测这颗恒星的轨道变化，科学家最终将积累足够数据，从而推算出该黑洞的自转参数。

stars'orbitshavealreadyhelpedscientistscalculateSagittariusA’smass,whichisabout4milliontimesthatofthesun,butmeasuringspinrequiresamuchcloserstar.Researchershavebeeninterestedinblackholespinsbecausetheycanhelpastronomersunderstandhowtheobjecthasgrown. translation stars的轨道已经帮助科学家计算SagittariusA的质量，大约是太阳的400万倍，但测量自转需要一个更近的恒星。researchersbeeninterestedinblackhole自转，因为它们可以帮助天文学家了解object的生长。

starS301飞行在离MilkyWay中心blackholeSagittariusA1.7亿千米处。这个轨道使S301成为blackholespin的有用probe。Neptune的轨道（如图所示）是9亿千米。

快速自转表明该黑洞以相对稳定的方式吸积物质，哈佛史密松天体物理中心（位于马萨诸塞州剑桥市）的天体物理学家劳拉布伦南曼指出，她本人未参与此项研究。较慢的自转则暗示黑洞的吸积过程更为无序。自转状态还被认为会影响黑洞所产生喷流与外流的性质，因此是理解黑洞如何影响其所在星系演化的重要线索之一。

通过研究靠近某些黑洞的气体发出的X射线以及两个黑洞碰撞时产生的引力波，也可以间接测量黑洞的自旋。但是，这些方法需要建模和假设，因此对于测量的自旋值是否准确仍存在一些争议。

CosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVITYcollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVitycollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVitycollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVitycollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVitycollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatESOhavebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlydistortediftheblackholespins.Thisdistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletmeknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlyDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichcausesaphenomenonknownasframedragging.FramedraggingisageneralRelativisticeffectwheretheblackhole'srotationaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeslightlyDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeslightlydifferentfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeDistortedfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniverse.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanon时效性translation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalçadaandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeDistortedfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniversity.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanonutraitytranslation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalencandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeDistortedfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniversity.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanonutraitytranslation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalencandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaborationatE索havebeenworkingonthisproblem.Theyhavefoundthatthestar'sorbitshouldbeDistortediftheblackholespins.ThisDistortionisduetotheblackhole'srotation,whichaffectsthespaceandtimearoundit,causingthestar'sorbittobeDistortedfromwhatitwouldbeiftheblackholewerenotspinning.TheobservationsofS301'sorbitcouldhelpCosmologistsbetterunderstandthepropertiesofblackholesandtheeffectsofgeneralRelativityontheuniversity.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoask.NoteThiscontentisbasedonthelatestobservationsandtheoreticalcalculations.Ifyouneedanonutraitytranslation,pleaseletusknow.otherwise,thetranslationisasfollowsCosmologistshavebeenstudyingtheblackholeSagittariusAanditseffectonthestarS301.Theyhaveobservedthatthestar'sorbitshouldchangeiftheblackholedoesnotspin(upperline)ordoesspin(lowerline).Theseobservationscouldbemadeinthenext15orsoyears.L.CalencandhisteamattheGRAVityCollaboration

在我看来，它们仍是不错的测量方法，但属于间接测量。未参与该研究的马里兰大学帕克分校天文学家克里斯托弗雷诺兹表示，而这颗恒星为我们提供了进行更为直接测量的机会。

对银河系中心黑洞自旋的精确测量，也将爱因斯坦的理论纳入其中。黑洞的自旋由广义相对论所预言；若观测发现其自旋为零，或超出该理论所设定的最大允许值，则可能对现有理论构成挑战。不过，科学家普遍认为此类情况不太可能出现。

相关知识（天文术语）

黑洞是宇宙中一种极端致密的天体，其质量大到足以使光束也无法逃脱其引力场，通常由大质量恒星坍缩最终形成。它的边界称为事件视界，一旦物质或辐射越过此界，便无法返回。黑洞中心存在一个密度无限大、体积无限小的奇点，广义相对论预言了其存在，而近年来的事件视界望远镜已成功拍摄到黑洞阴影图像，为理论提供了直接观测证据。

BY: Mara Johnson-Groh

FY: AI

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参考资料

1.WJ百科全书

2.天文学名词

3.原文来自： https://www.sciencenews.org/article/record-breaking-star-black-hole-spin

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