原来从2025回到2024只需一张飞机票

原来，从2025年回到2024年，只需一张飞机票。2025年1月1日0:21从中国香港起飞，飞往洛杉矶，到达时间2024年12月31日20:33。

🤔️小作业：

1. Which of the following can be inferred about the impact of traveling across more time zones?

A. Traveling across more time zones is always easier to recover from.

B. Traveling across more time zones can sometimes be easier than crossing fewer.

C. It takes exactly the same time to recover regardless of the number of time zones crossed.

D. Recovery time is shorter when traveling eastward across more time zones.

无注释原文：

Why Jet Lag Can Feel Worse When You Travel From West to East

From: The New York Times

Jet lag may be the worst part of traveling. And it hits many people harder traveling east than west. Why they feel this way is unclear. But scientists recently developed a model that mimics special time-keeping cells in the body and offers a mathematical explanation for why traveling from west to east feels so much worse. It also offers insights on recovering from jet lag.

Deep inside the brain, in a region called the hypothalamus (right above where our optic nerves cross) the internal clock is ticking. And approximately every 24 hours, 20,000 special pacemaker cells that inhabit this area, known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, synchronize, signaling to the rest of the body whether it's night or day. These cells know which signal to send because they receive light input from our environments — bright says wake, dark says sleep.

But when you travel across multiple time zones, like flying from New York to Moscow, those little pacemaker cells that thought they knew the routine scramble around confused before they can put on their show. The whole body feels groggy because it's looking for the time and can't find it. The result: jet lag.

Most of our internal clocks are a little bit slow, and in the absence of consistent light cues — like when you travel across time zones — the pacemaker cells in your body want to have a longer day, said Michelle Girvan, a physicist at the University of Maryland who worked on the model published in the journal Chaos on Tuesday.

“This is all because the body's internal clock has a natural period of slightly longer than 24 hours, which means that it has an easier time traveling west and lengthening the day than traveling east and shortening the day,” Dr. Girvan said.

Jet lag can be resolved by matching your internal clock to your destination's clock as soon as possible. (There's an app for that). So the researchers built a model that considers all of your pacemaker cells, how sensitive you are to light, the brightness of light, multiple time zones and people's slightly off kilter internal clocks. They hope the model offers a simple way of explaining how a typical body might recover from jet lag with no intervention. That is, how its pacemaker cells try to synchronize in the presence of different light cues (like sunshine, artificial light or dim light from clouds) when arriving at various time zones three hours, six hours, nine hours and 12 hours away either to the east or west.

The model confirms what was already known: Generally, westward recovery is easier than eastward. But it also helps us understand that flying across more time zones can sometimes be easier than traveling across fewer.

For example, it would take you about eight days to recover from a westward trip across nine time zones, if you did nothing to fight it. But if you cross the same number of time zones going east, recovery would take more than 13 days, according to the model. This recovery time is worse than if you flew smack across the globe, crossing 12 time zones, which is about the distance from New York to Japan.

Confusing? The model shows that your body is confused, too, as your cells try to adjust to new light cues in different places. It also shows that a trip less than 12 hours going east is going to feel worse than the same time going west.

It all comes back to whether you're a lark — an early riser — or an owl, and “most people are a little owlish,” said David Welsh, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, who studies the body's pacemaker cells and was not involved in the study.

If you're traveling across several time zones, like from New York to Moscow, and you want to start feeling normal sooner, “you really want to experience that external stimuli appropriate to your new time zone as quickly as possible,” said Dr. Girvan. And that sometimes means owls succumbing to early nights.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Why Jet Lag Can Feel Worse When You Travel From West to East

From: The New York Times

Jet lagmay be the worst part of traveling. And it hits many people harder traveling east than west. Why they feel this way is unclear. But scientists recently developed a model thatmimicsspecial time-keeping cells in the body and offers a mathematical explanation for why traveling from west to east feels so much worse. It also offers insights on recovering from jet lag.

时差应该是旅行中最讨人厌的事了。许多向东行的人又比往西走的更容易受时差影响。我们并不清楚为何这些人会有这种感受，不过科学家近来设计出一套模型，来模仿人体内专门计时的细胞，用数学说明为什么从西向东走造成的时差更难捱。这项研究也让我们更加了解该如何倒时差。

jet lag

我们所谓的“时差”除了time difference，还有个说法就是jet lag，jet表示“喷气式飞机”，是不是很好奇，jet lag喷气飞机和间隔，为什么会表示“时差”？The term "jet lag" is used because before the arrival of passenger jet aircraft, it was uncommon to travel far and fast enough to cause desynchronosis. Travel by propeller-driven aircraft, by ship, or by train was slower and of more limited distance than jet flights, and thus did not contribute widely to the problem.

📍 lag 表示“（两件事之间的）间隔，延迟”，英文解释为“a delay between two things happening”举个🌰：You have to allow for a time lag between order and delivery. 订货和送货之间要有一段时间间隔。

📍time lag 时间间隔，时滞

mimic

mimic /ˈmɪm.ɪk/ 1）表示“模仿（人的言行举止）；（尤指）做滑稽模仿”，英文解释为“to copy the way sb speaks, moves, behaves, etc., especially in order to make other people laugh”举个🌰：She's always mimicking the teachers. 她总喜欢模仿老师的言谈举止。

2）表示“（外表或行为举止）像，似”，英文解释为“to look or behave like sth else”举个🌰：The robot was programmed to mimic a series of human movements. 机器人可按程序设计模仿人的各种动作。

Deep inside the brain, in a region called thehypothalamus(right above where ouroptic nervescross) the internal clock isticking. And approximately every 24 hours, 20,000 special pacemaker cells thatinhabitthis area, known as the suprachiasmaticnucleus,synchronize, signaling to the rest of the body whether it's night or day. These cells know which signal to send because they receive light input from our environments — bright says wake, dark says sleep.

在人脑中央深处有个叫做下丘脑的部位（就在视神经交叉处正上方），人体自带的时钟就在这里运转。大约每隔24小时，2万个位于下丘脑“交叉上核”的特殊节律调节细胞就会同步一次，向身体其他部位发出信号，告知身体现在是白天还是黑夜。这些细胞知道该打什么信号，因为它们从环境中接收到光线刺激，明亮时就表示人该醒着，昏暗时就该睡觉。

hypothalamus

hypothalamus /ˌhaɪ.pəʊˈθæl.ə.məs/ 表示“下丘脑（大脑的一个小部分，位于丘脑下面，控制体温、荷尔蒙分泌”，英文解释为“a small part in the brain that controls things such as body temperature and the release of hormones, that is below the thalamus”

optic nerve

optic nerve /ˌɒp.tɪk ˈnɜːv/ 表示“视神经（形如细丝的神经纤维束，将视觉信号从眼后部的视网膜传输至大脑）”，英文解释为“the group of nerve fibres (= structures like threads) that pass signals from the retina at the back of each eye to the brain”

tick

作动词，1）表示“（钟表）发出嘀嗒声；滴答地走”，英文解释为“When a clock or watch ticks, it makes a sound every second.”举个🌰：In the silence we could hear the clock ticking. 寂静中，我们能听到钟表滴答作响。

2）表示“进展，进步；正常运转”，英文解释为“to operate as a functioning mechanism”

3）表示“给…标记号，打上钩”，英文解释为“to mark something with a tick”举个🌰：Tick (off) each item on the list as you complete it. 每完成一条就在清单上把这一条划掉。

作名词，表示“核对号，钩号（✓）”，英文解释为“a mark that shows that something is correct or has been done”举个🌰：Put a tick by/against the names of the people who have accepted the invitation. 在接受邀请的人的姓名上打钩。

✓ tick box /ˈtɪk ˌbɒks/ 表示“勾选框”，英文解释为“a small square on a paper form where you can put a tick to show that you want something or that something is correct or has been dealt with”

✓ 动词短语 tick all/a lot of the boxes，字面意思就是所有勾选框都打勾了，指的是“符合一切条件，满足所有要求”。

inhabit

inhabit /ɪnˈhæb.ɪt/ 表示“居住于”，英文解释为“to live in a place”举个🌰：These remote islands are inhabited only by birds. 这些偏僻的岛屿上只有鸟类栖息。

nucleus

nucleus /ˈnjuː.kli.əs/ 表示“细胞核”，英文解释为“the part of a cell that controls its growth”举个🌰：DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell. 脱氧核糖核酸存在于细胞核中。

synchronize

synchronize /ˈsɪŋ.krə.naɪz/ 表示“（使）同步，（使）同时发生”，英文解释为“to (cause to) happen at the same time”举个🌰：The show was designed so that the lights synchronized with the music. 根据设计，演出的灯光和音乐是同步的。

But when you travel across multiple time zones, like flying from New York to Moscow, those little pacemaker cells that thought they knew the routinescramblearound confused before they can put on their show. The whole body feelsgroggybecause it's looking for the time and can't find it. The result: jet lag.

然而，当我们跨过好几个时区，譬如从纽约飞到莫斯科的时候，这些自以为通晓例行公事的节律细胞就被打乱了，不知该怎么办才好。我们的身体也糊涂了，因为它想要对时，却不知道是什么时间。结果就导致了时差。

scramble

scramble /ˈskræm.bəl/ 作名词，表示“争抢；抢占；争夺”，英文解释为“a situation in which people push, fight or compete with each other in order to get or do sth”举个🌰：There was a mad scramble for the best seats. 人们不顾一切地抢占最好的座位。

作动词：1）表示“艰难地（或仓促地）完成”，英文解释为“to manage to achieve sth with difficulty, or in a hurry, without much control”

2）表示“仓促行动”，英文解释为“If you scramble to a different place or position, you move there in a hurried, awkward way.”举个🌰：He threw back the covers and scrambled out of bed. 他掀开被子，急忙下了床。

3）表示“争夺”，英文解释为“If a number of people scramble for something, they compete energetically with each other for it.”举个🌰：More than three million fans are expected to scramble for tickets. 预计会有三百万以上的歌迷抢购门票。

4）表示“扰乱（思维）”，英文解释为“to confuse sb's thoughts, ideas, etc. so that they have no order”举个🌰：Alcohol seemed to have scrambled his brain. 酒精似乎扰乱了他的脑子。

groggy

groggy /ˈɡrɒɡ.i/ 表示“（通常因疲惫或生病而）头脑昏沉的，眩晕无力的，行走不稳的”，英文解释为“weak and unable to think clearly or walk correctly, usually because of tiredness or illness”举个🌰：I felt a little bit groggy for a couple of days after the operation. 手术后几天我都觉得有点头昏乏力。

Most of our internal clocks are a little bit slow, and in the absence of consistent light cues — like when you travel across time zones — the pacemaker cells in your body want to have a longer day, said Michelle Girvan, a physicist at the University of Maryland who worked on the model published in the journal Chaos on Tuesday.

马里兰大学的物理学家米歇尔‧葛文(Michelle Girvan)参与了建构这套模型的工作，研究成果周二时在《混沌》(Chaos)期刊上发表。葛文表示，我们体内大部分内建时钟都稍微慢些，在没有持续稳定的光源信号时，比如跨时区旅行的时候，体内的节律细胞就会想让一天更长一些。

“This is all because the body's internal clock has a natural period of slightly longer than 24 hours, which means that it has an easier time traveling west and lengthening the day than traveling east and shortening the day,” Dr. Girvan said.

“这全是因为人体内建时钟的自然周期比24小时稍长一些，也就是说，在向西旅行、导致一天的长度拉长时，感觉会比向东旅行导致一天缩短时更好受一些。”

Jet lag can be resolved by matching your internal clock to your destination's clock as soon as possible. (There's an app for that). So the researchers built a model that considers all of your pacemaker cells, how sensitive you are to light, the brightness of light, multiple time zones and people's slightlyoff kilterinternal clocks. They hope the model offers a simple way of explaining how a typical body might recover from jet lag with nointervention. That is, how its pacemaker cells try to synchronize in the presence of different light cues (like sunshine, artificial light or dim light from clouds) when arriving at various time zones three hours, six hours, nine hours and 12 hours away either to the east or west.

要解决时差问题，你可以让体内时钟尽快调整到与目的地的时间同步（有个智能应用可以帮忙）。所以研究人员建立了一个模型，将你的节律细胞、你对光线的敏感度、光线强度、跨越时区的多寡，以及我们稍稍失准的体内时钟全都纳入考虑。他们希望这个模型可以提供一个简洁的方式，来解释正常人的身体如何在没有外在干预的情况下，把时差倒回来。也就是说，我们在抵达与出发地相差3小时、6小时、9小时、12小时的目的地之后，不论旅程是向东或向西，身体节律细胞是如何根据新地点不同的光线信号（比如阳光、人造光，或云层筛落的黯淡光线）进行同步的。

off kilter

off kilter表示“不正常的、偏离常规的、失衡的”状态。它通常用来形容事物或情况不在平衡或正常的状态下，可以是身体、思想、或外部环境等方面。

类似的：

out of kilteri表示“在不正常的状态下；失常，失调”，英文解释为“in a state of not working well”举个🌰：Missing more than one night's sleep can throw your body out of kilter. 超过一个晚上不睡觉会使你的身体失调。

intervention

intervention /ˌɪn.təˈven.ʃən/ 表示“干涉，介入；（由家庭成员、朋友或医护人员共同开会劝导有酗酒或毒瘾问题者接受现实并开始治疗的）干预活动”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation. A meeting at which someone with a drug or alcohol problem is asked by family members, friends, or health workers to accept the fact that they have a problem and is encouraged to get treatment”

The model confirms what was already known: Generally, westward recovery is easier than eastward. But it also helps us understand that flying across more time zones can sometimes be easier than traveling across fewer.

这个模型证实了我们已知的事实：一般来说，向西飞行导致的时差会比向东飞行的时差更容易克服。但它也让我们了解到，有时跨度大的时差反而会比差距较小的时差更容易适应。

For example, it would take you about eight days to recover from a westward trip across nine time zones, if you did nothing to fight it. But if you cross the same number of time zones going east, recovery would take more than 13 days, according to the model. This recovery time is worse than if you flewsmackacross the globe, crossing 12 time zones, which is about the distance from New York to Japan.

比方说，根据这个模型，在没有任何额外努力的情况下，要把向西跨越了9个时区的旅程造成的时差倒过来，需要大约8天的时间。不过要是你向东跨越了同样多的时区，想倒时差就得花至少13天。这比你环绕半个地球、跨越12个时区（大约是纽约到日本的距离）所需的恢复时间更长。

smack

smack /smæk/ 作形容词，1）表示“不偏不倚地，正好”，英文解释为“exactly in a place or a situation”举个🌰：She lives smack in the middle of Shanghai. 她住在上海市的正中心。

2）表示“径直，猛地；砰然作声地”，英文解释为“directly and forcefully, producing a short, loud noise”举个🌰：I wasn't looking where I was going and walked smack into a lamppost. 我没有看路，直愣愣地撞到了灯柱上。

作名词，也可作动词，1）表示“（尤指作为惩戒孩子的方式）掌掴，打”，英文解释为“to hit someone or something forcefully with the flat inside part of your hand, producing a short, loud noise, especially as a way of punishing a child”举个🌰：I never smack my children. 我从来不打孩子。

2）表示“撞；使劲摔”，英文解释为“to hit something hard against something else”举个🌰：I smacked my head on the corner of the shelf. 我的头撞在了架子角上。

📰《路透社》（Reuters）在奥斯卡尴尬一幕：威尔·史密斯上台掌掴嘉宾相关报道的标题中就用了“smack”这个词：Will Smith smacks Chris Rock on stage, then wins an Oscar.

类似的：

📍slap 表示“拍，打；掌掴”，英文解释为“to hit someone or something with the flat part of the hand or other flat object”举个🌰：She slapped his face. 她给了他一记耳光。

📍punch 表示“用拳猛击”，英文解释为“If you punch someone or something, you hit them hard with your fist.”举个🌰：After punching him on the chin she wound up hitting him over the head. 她对准他的下巴猛击一拳，最后又在他的头上打了一拳。

📍strike表示“击，打；撞击；碰撞；攻击”，英文解释为“to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently”举个🌰：Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle. 她的汽车失控，撞上了迎面开来的一辆车。

Confusing? The model shows that your body is confused, too, as your cells try to adjust to new light cues in different places. It also shows that a trip less than 12 hours going east is going to feel worse than the same time going west.

看懵了吗？从这个模型看得出来，你的身体在试着适应不同地方的新光线信号时也很懵。模型还显示出，一趟短于12小时、向东行的旅程，会比花费相同时间向西行更令人难受。

It all comes back to whether you're alark— an early riser — or an owl, and “most people are a little owlish,” said David Welsh, a neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, who studies the body's pacemaker cells and was not involved in the study.

加州大学圣地亚哥分校的神经科学家戴维‧威许(David Welsh)说，时差的影响有多大，最终还取决于你是只早起的鸟儿还是夜猫子，“而大部分人都有点儿爱熬夜”。威许研究身体节律细胞，不过他没有参与前述研究。

lark

表示“云雀，百灵鸟”，英文解释为“a small, brown bird that is known for its beautiful singing”

也可以用来指代早起的人，这个用法来自于云雀这种鸟的习性，因为云雀通常在清晨就开始歌唱，所以它成为了早起的象征。在这种情况下，"lark" 是指那些喜欢早起、晨早活动的人，和night owl（夜猫子）相对。

If you're traveling across several time zones, like from New York to Moscow, and you want to start feeling normal sooner, “you really want to experience that externalstimuliappropriate to your new time zone as quickly as possible,” said Dr. Girvan. And that sometimes meansowls succumbingto early nights.

如果你要进行跨越好几个时区的旅行，比如从纽约到莫斯科，而你希望快点恢复正常感受，“你就要尽快去体验与新时区作息相符的外在刺激”，葛文说。对于夜猫子来说，这有时就意味着早点上床。

stimuli

很有意思的一个词，单数 stimulus /ˈstɪmjʊləs/，复数 stimuli /ˈstɪm.jʊ.laɪ/，没错有s的是单数。表示“刺激（物），激励（物）；促进因素”，英文解释为“something that causes growth or activity; something that causes part of the body to react”

owl

owl = night owl /ˈnaɪt ˌaʊl/ 表示“夜猫子”，英文解释为“a person who prefers to be awake and active at night”

succumb

succumb /səˈkʌm/ 1）表示“屈从，屈服；放弃抵抗；承认失败”，英文解释为“to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat”举个🌰：I'm afraid I succumbed to temptation and had a piece of cake. 我还是没顶住诱惑，吃了一块蛋糕。

2）表示“病死；生病；受病痛折磨”，英文解释为“to die or suffer badly from an illness”举个🌰：Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in the past few months. 过去几个月里，几千头奶牛都得了这种病。

📍词根“-cumb”表示"躺下"，前缀“suc-”表示"下面"。想象一个人因为受伤而"succumb"。

- 词汇盘点 -

jet lag、mimic、hypothalamus、optic nerve、tick、inhabit、nucleus、synchronize、scramble、groggy、off kilter、intervention、smack、lark、stimuli、owl、succumb

- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -

After a long flight, Sarah felt groggy and off-kilter, her body struggling to synchronize with the new time zone. Her hypothalamus and optic nerve fought to mimic the owl's nocturnal rhythm, but the jet lag made her succumb to fatigue like a lark.

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